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International Relations

Only one approach could plausibly have avoided catastrophe in Syria
This striking depiction, from work by University of Pennsylvania political scientist Ian Lustick, shows that U.S. retaliation against Assad in Syria in 2013 would have likely led to higher civilian casualties than the numbers without such an intervention. (Image: Courtesy Ian Lustick) 

This striking depiction, from work by University of Pennsylvania political scientist Ian Lustick, shows that U.S. retaliation against Assad in Syria in 2013 would have likely led to higher civilian casualties than the numbers without such an intervention. (Image: Courtesy Ian Lustick) 

Only one approach could plausibly have avoided catastrophe in Syria

Could the U.S. have better protected civilians from mass atrocities during the Syrian conflict in 2013? Research from political scientist Ian Lustick reveals that only one approach—persuading Assad to treat the protests as a reform movement rather than a violent revolution—might have helped.

Michele W. Berger

Perspective: Gas attack in Douma
Syria map

Perspective: Gas attack in Douma

Ian Lustick, a professor in Penn’s Political Science Department and a leading authority on international terrorism, says this weekend’s atrocities in Douma can be attributed to a Syrian attack. We asked him to elaborate on a few details.